We chose these tools because of their usage or recognition in the Web development community. There seems to be ABI incompatibilities with the MSVC toolchain. would have to be re-vendored as needed). Google relied on one primary Perforce instance, hosted on a single machine, coupled with custom caching infrastructure1 for more than 10 years prior to the launch of Piper. Google's monolithic software repository, which is used by 95% of its software developers worldwide, meets the definition of an ultra-large-scale4 system, providing evidence the single-source repository model can be scaled successfully. ), 4. atomic changes [This is indeed made easier by a mono-repo, but good architecture should allow for components to be refactored without breaking the entire code base everywhere. We do not intend to support or develop it any further. This file can be found in build_protos.bat. So, why did Google choose a monorepo and stick The goal is to add scalability features to the Mercurial client so it can efficiently support a codebase the size of Google's. toolchain that Go uses. Rachel Potvin and Josh Levenberg, Why Google Stores Billions of Lines of Code in a on Googles experience, one key take-away for me is that the mono-repo model requires In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Software Engineering, Vol. The tool helps you get a consistent experience regardless of what you use to develop your projects: different JavaScript frameworks, Go, Rust, Java, etc. Rosie splits patches along project directory lines, relying on the code-ownership hierarchy described earlier to send patches to the appropriate reviewers. Human effort is required to run these tools and manage the corresponding large-scale code changes. Piper (custom system hosting monolithic repo) CitC (UI ?) It also makes it possible for developers to view each other's work in CitC workspaces. Now you have to set up the tooling and CI environment, add committers to the repo, and set up package publishing so other repos can depend on it. We are open sourcing In addition, when software errors are discovered, it is often possible for the team to add new warnings to prevent reoccurrence. As someone who was familiar with the Not until recently did I ask the question to myself. For instance, Google has written a custom plug-in for the Eclipse integrated development environment (IDE) to make working with a massive codebase possible from the IDE. Developers see their workspaces as directories in the file system, including their changes overlaid on top of the full Piper repository. Protecting all the information in your Google Account has never been more important. Google uses cookies to deliver its services, to personalize ads, and to analyze traffic. 'It was the most popular search query ever seen,' said Google exec, Eric Schmidt. It encourages further revisions and a conversation leading to a final "Looks Good To Me" from the reviewer, indicating the review is complete. Listen to article. Wasserman, L. Scalable, example-based refactorings with Refaster. Managing this scale of repository and activity on it has been an ongoing challenge for Google. It is now read-only. Google's tooling for repository merges attributes all historical changes being merged to their original authors, hence the corresponding bump in the graph in Figure 2. And hey, our industry has a name for that: continuous sgeb will then build and invoke this builder for them. Another attribute of a monolithic repository is the layout of the codebase is easily understood, as it is organized in a single tree. As a result, the technology used to host the codebase has also evolved significantly. Samsung extended its self-repair program to include the Galaxy Book Pro 15" and the Galaxy Book Pro 360 15" shown above. Josh Levenberg (joshl@google.com) is a software engineer at Google, Mountain View, CA. Beyond the investment in building and maintaining scalable tooling, Google must also cover the cost of running these systems, some of which are very computationally intensive. It The monolithic codebase captures all dependency information. requirements for our infrastructure: Windows based: game developers, especially non-programmers, heavily rely on windows based tooling, Overview. The fact that Piper users work on a single consistent view of the Google codebase is key for providing the advantages described later in this article. 20 Entertaining Uses of ChatGPT You Never Knew Were Possible Ben "The Hosk" Hosking in ITNEXT The Difference Between The Clever Developer & The Wise Developer Alexander Nguyen in Level Up Coding $150,000 Amazon Engineer vs. $300,000 Google Engineer fatfish in JavaScript in Plain English Its 2022, Please Dont Just Use console.log As a matter-of-fact, it would not wrong to say that that the individuals at Google, Facebook, and Twitter must have had some strong reasons to turn to Monorepos instead of going with thousands of smaller repositories. Find better developer tools for Google White Paper, 2011; http://info.perforce.com/rs/perforce/images/GoogleWhitePaper-StillAllonOneServer-PerforceatScale.pdf. This technique avoids the need for a development branch and makes it easy to turn on and off features through configuration updates rather than full binary releases. The Using Rosie is balanced against the cost incurred by teams needing to review the ongoing stream of simple changes Rosie generates. We explain Google's "trunk-based development" strategy and the support systems that structure workflow and keep Google's codebase healthy, including software for static analysis, code cleanup, and streamlined code review. As an example of how these benefits play out, consider Google's Compiler team, which ensures developers at Google employ the most up-to-date toolchains and benefit from the latest improvements in generated code and "debuggability." Open the Google Stadia controller update page in a Chrome browser. WebGoogle Images. Advantages. system and a number of tools developed for internal use, some experimental in nature, some saw more Google's code-indexing system supports static analysis, cross-referencing in the code-browsing tool, and rich IDE functionality for Emacs, Vim, and other development environments. Given that Facebook and Google have kind of popularised the monorepos recently, I thought it would be interesting to dissect a bit their points of view and try to bring to a close the debate about whether mono-repos are or not the solution to most of our developer problems. Custom tools developed by Google to support their mono-repo. It would not work well for organizations where large parts of the codebase are private or hidden between groups. Total size of uncompressed content, excluding release branches. Code visibility and clear tree structure providing implicit team namespacing. Note the diamond-dependency problem can exist at the source/API level, as described here, as well as between binaries.12 At Google, the binary problem is avoided through use of static linking. Here are some implementation examples with big codebases at Microsoft, Google, or Facebook. sgeb is a Bazel-like system in terms of its interface (BUILDUNIT files vs BUILD files that Bazel If sensitive data is accidentally committed to Piper, the file in question can be purged. Download now. Many people know that Google uses a single repository, the monorepo, to store all internal source code. ACM Press, New York, 2015, 191201. There is a tension between having all dependencies at the latest version and having versioned dependencies. Spanner: Google's globally distributed database. This model also requires teams to collaborate with one another when using open source code. Why Google Stores Billions of Lines of Code in a Single http://info.perforce.com/rs/perforce/images/GoogleWhitePaper-StillAllonOneServer-PerforceatScale.pdf, http://google-engtools.blogspot.com/2011/08/build-in-cloud-how-build-system-works.html, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dependency_hell&oldid=634636715, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filesystem_in_Userspace&oldid=664776514, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux_kernel&oldid=643170399, Your Creativity Will Not Save Your Job from AI, Flexible team boundaries and code ownership; and. If a change creates widespread build breakage, a system is in place to automatically undo the change. NOTE: This open source version was modified to build with the normal Go flow (go build), with some Teams can package up their own binaries that run in production data centers. Bazel has been refined and tested for years at Google to build heavy-duty, mission-critical infrastructure, services, and applications. [1] This practice dates back to at least the early 2000s, [2] when it was commonly called a shared codebase. This approach differs from more typical methods of software development, where each project is usually stored on a separate repository with its own configuration for building, testing, and deployment. In fact, such a repo is prohibitively monolithic, which is often the first thing that comes to mind when people think of monorepos. the monolithic-source-management strategy in 1999, how it has been working for Google, This requires the tool to be pluggable. We provide background on the systems and workflows that make managing and working productively with a large repository feasible. Lerna is probably the grand daddy of all monorepo tools. Unfortunately, the slides are not available online, so I took some notes, which should summarise the presentation. c. Google open sourced a subset of its internal build system; see http://www.bazel.io. We at Nrwl think this is the most consistent and accurate statement of what a monorepo is among all the established monorepo tools. For example, due to this centralized effort, Google's Java developers all saw their garbage collection (GC) CPU consumption decrease by more than 50% and their GC pause time decrease by 10%40% from 2014 to 2015. Repo helps manage many Git repositories, does the uploads to revision control systems, and automates parts of the development workflow. In practice, Additionally, this is not a direct benefit of the mono-repo, as segregating the code into many repos with different owners would lead to the same result. As the popularity and use of distributed version control systems (DVCSs) like Git have grown, Google has considered whether to move from Piper to Git as its primary version-control system. Build, or sgeb. updating the codebase to make use of C++11 features, 5.2 monolithic codebase captures all dependency information, 5.2.1 old APIs can be removed with confidence, 6. collaboration across teams [Not related to mono-repos, but to permissioning policies], 7. flexible team boundaries and code ownership [This is absolutely true even with multiple repos and the fact that Google has owners of directories which control and approve code changes is in opposition to the stated goal here], 8. code visibility and clear tree structure providing implicit team namespacing [True, but you could probably do the same on many repos with adequate tooling and BitBucket or GitHub are providing some of the required features], 3.1 find and remove unused/underused dependencies and dead code, 3.2 support large scale clean-ups and refactoring. All this content has been created, reviewed and validated by these awesome folks. For the sake of this discussion, let's say the opposite of monorepo is a "polyrepo". caveats. The Google codebase includes approximately one billion files and has a history of approximately 35 million commits spanning Google's entire 18-year existence. Because all projects are centrally stored, teams of specialists can do this work for the entire company, rather than require many individuals to develop their own tools, techniques, or expertise. (DOI: Jaspan, Ciera, Matthew Jorde, Andrea Knight, Caitlin Sadowski, Edward K. Smith, Collin Piper and CitC make working productively with a single, monolithic source repository possible at the scale of the Google codebase. implications of such a decision on not only in a short term (e.g., on engineers monolithic repo model. All the listed tools can do it in about the same way, except Lerna, which is more limited. scenario requirements. Part of the Rush Stack family of projects., The high-performance build system for JavaScript & TypeScript codebases.. Includes only reviewed and committed code and excludes commits performed by automated systems, as well as commits to release branches, data files, generated files, open source files imported into the repository, and other non-source-code files. of content, ~40k commits/workday as of 2015), the first article describes why Google chose Once it is complete, a second smaller change can be made to remove the original pattern that is no longer referenced. The availability of all source code in a single repository, or at least on a centralized server, makes it easier for the maintainers of core libraries to perform testing and performance benchmarking for high-impact changes before they are committed. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 31, 3 (Aug. 2013). a monorepo, so we decided to have all of our code and assets in one single repository. Some features are easy to add even when a given tool doesn't support it (e.g., code generation), and some aren't really possible to add (e.g., distributed task execution). The most comprehensive image search on the web. A polyrepo is the current standard way of developing applications: a repo for each team, application, or project. Accessed Jan. 20, 2015; http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dependency_hell&oldid=634636715, 13. 59 No. Clipper is useful in guiding dependency-refactoring efforts by finding targets that are relatively easy to remove or break up. Jennifer Lopez wore the iconic Versace dress at the 2000 Grammy Awards. No effort goes toward writing or keeping documentation up to date, but developers sometimes read more than the API code and end up relying on underlying implementation details. Teams want to make their own decisions about what libraries they'll use, when they'll deploy their apps or libraries, and who can contribute to or use their code. and independently develop each sub-project while the main project moves forward (I will But there are other extremely important things such as dev ergonomics, maturity, documentation, editor support, etc. their development workflow. and not rely in external CICD platforms for configuration. found in build/cicd/cirunner. In contrast, with a monolithic source tree it makes sense, and is easier, for the person updating a library to update all affected dependencies at the same time. Builders are meant to build targets that The team is also pursuing an experimental effort with Mercurial,g an open source DVCS similar to Git. These costs and trade-offs fall into three categories: In many ways the monolithic repository yields simpler tooling since there is only one system of reference for tools working with source. Use the existing CI setup, and no need to publish versioned packages if all consumers are in the same repo. they are all Go programs. In the Piper workflow (see Figure 4), developers create a local copy of files in the repository before changing them. Monorepos can reach colossal sizes. In most cases it is now impossible to build A. The visualization is interactive meaning you are able to search, filter, hide, focus/highlight & query the nodes in the graph. Most developers access Piper through a system called Clients in the Cloud, or CitC, which consists of a cloud-based storage backend and a Linux-only FUSE13 file system. Here, we provide background on the systems and workflows that make feasible managing and working productively with such a large repository. From the first article: Google has embraced the monolithic model due to its compelling advantages. Migration is usually done in a three step process: announce, new code and move over, then deprecate old code by deletion. For example, git clone may take too much time, back-end CI b. Such A/B experiments can measure everything from the performance characteristics of the code to user engagement related to subtle product changes. This requires a significant investment in code search and browsing tools. that was used in SG&E. amount of work to get it up and running again. Before reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of working with a monolithic repository, some background on Google's tooling and workflows is needed. CICD was to have a single binary that had a simple plugin architecture to drive common use cases 2. The effect of this merge is also apparent in Figure 1. All writes to files are stored as snapshots in CitC, making it possible to recover previous stages of work as needed. 1 (Firenze, Italy, May 16-24). Here is a curated list of articles about monorepos that we think will greatly support what you just learned. Consider a repository with several projects in it. Figure 5. The monolithic model makes it easier to understand the structure of the codebase, as there is no crossing of repository boundaries between dependencies. The WORKSPACE and the MONOREPO file An important aspect of Google culture that encourages code quality is the expectation that all code is reviewed before being committed to the repository. Open the Google Stadia controller update page in a Chrome browser. It then uses the index to construct a reachability graph and determine what classes are never used. Developers can browse and edit files anywhere across the Piper repository, and only modified files are stored in their workspace. many false build failures), and developers may start noticing room for improvement in Browsing the codebase, it is easy to understand how any source file fits into the big picture of the repository. Robert. The five key findings from the article are as follows (from Take up to $50 off the Galaxy S23 series by reserving your phone right now. Please This practice dates back to Jan. 18, 2023 6:30 am ET. This separation came because there are multiple WORKSPACES due to the way substantial amount of engineering efforts on creating in-house tooling and custom This repository contains the open sourcing of the infrastructure developed by Stadia Games & If you thought the term Monstrous Monorepo is a little over sensational, let me tell you some facts about the Google Monorepo. Learn more Updating the versions of dependencies can be painful for developers, and delays in updating create technical debt that can become very expensive. IMPORTANT: Compile these dependencies with a GNU toolchain (MinGW), as that is the Use Git or checkout with SVN using the web URL. The more you use the Google app, the better it gets. Google practices trunk-based development on top of the Piper source repository. targets themselves, meaning that can be written in any language that sgeb supports. Early Google engineers maintained that a single repository was strictly better than splitting up the codebase, though at the time they did not anticipate the future scale of the codebase and all the supporting tooling that would be built to make the scaling feasible. write about this experience later on a separate article). A Git-clone operation requires copying all content to one's local machine, a procedure incompatible with a large repository. Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice, pp. It also has heavy assumptions of running in a Perforce depot. These issues are essentially related to the scalability of IEEE Press, 2013, 548551. The goal was to maintain as much logic as possible within the monorepo uncommon target, programmers are able to write custom programs that know how to build that target. Copyright 2023 by the ACM. There are a number of potential advantages but at the highest level: Reducing cognitive load is important, but there are many ways to achieve this. sample code search, API auto-update, pre-commit CI verify jobs with impact analysis and and branching is exceedingly rare (more yey!!). The Google codebase includes a wealth of useful libraries, and the monolithic repository leads to extensive code sharing and reuse. basis in different areas. For instance, special tooling automatically detects and removes dead code, splits large refactorings and automatically assigns code reviews (as through Rosie), and marks APIs as deprecated. Google's Bluetooth upgrade tool is here, to breathe new life into your Stadia Controller. In particular Bazel uses its WORKSPACE file, In Companion to the 21st ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications (Portland, OR, Oct. 22-26). Determine what might be affected by a change, to run only build/test affected projects. The design and architecture of these systems were both heavily influenced by the trunk-based development paradigm employed at Google, as described here. Most notably, the model allows Google to avoid the "diamond dependency" problem (see Figure 8) that occurs when A depends on B and C, both B and C depend on D, but B requires version D.1 and C requires version D.2. WebGoogle's monolithic repository provides a common source of truth for tens of thousands of developers around the world. Figure 3 reports commits per week to Google's main repository over the same time period. Filesystem in userspace. In conjunction with this change, they scan the entire repository to find and fix other instances of the software issue being addressed, before turning to new compiler errors. Larger dips in both graphs occur during holidays affecting a significant number of employees (such as Christmas Day and New Year's Day, American Thanksgiving Day, and American Independence Day). 7. Without such heavy investment on infrastructure and tooling Overall we strived to maintain the feel and good practices of Google's own tooling, which informed The repository contains 86TBa of data, including approximately two billion lines of code in nine million unique source files. Google's monolithic repository provides a common source of truth for tens of thousands of developers around the world. This means that your whole organisation, including CI agents, will never build or test the same thing twice. While these projects may be related, they are often logically independent and run by different teams. 7, Pages 78-87 SG&E Monorepo This repository contains the open sourcing of the infrastructure developed by Stadia Games & Entertainment (SG&E) to run its operations. Despite several years of experimentation, Google was not able to find a commercially available or open source version-control system to support such scale in a single repository. Feel free to fork it and adjust for your own need. Monorepos are hot right now, especially among Web developers. A single common repository vastly simplifies these tools by ensuring atomicity of changes and a single global view of the entire repository at any given time. And it's common that each repo has a single build artifact, and simple build pipeline. setup, the toolchains, the vendored dependencies are not present. Sadowski, C., Stolee, K., and Elbaum, S. How developers search for code: A case study. Webrepo Repo is a tool built on top of Git. Find quick answers, explore your interests, and stay up to date with Discover. While Bazel is very extensible and supports many targets, there are certain projects that it is not Rachel starts by discussing a previous job where she was working in the gaming industry. into the monorepo. Source control done the Google way is simple. Let's start with a common understanding of what a Monorepo is. assessment, and so forth. They are used only for release branches, An important point is that both old and new code path for any new features exist simultaneously, controlled by the use of conditional flags, allowing for smoother deployments and avoiding the need for development branches, 1- unified versioning, one source of truth, 1.1 no confusion about which is the authoritative version of a file [This is true even with multiple repos, provided you avoid forking and copying code], 1.2 no forking of shared libraries [This is true even with multiple repos, provided you avoid forking and copying code, forking shared libraries is probably an anti-pattern], 1.3 no painful cross-repository merging of copied code [Do not copy code please], 1.4 no artificial boundaries between teams/projects [This is absolutely true even with multiple repos and the fact that Google has owners of directories which control and approve code changes is in opposition to the stated goal here], 1.5 supports gradual refactoring and re-organisation of the codebase [This is indeed made easier by a mono-repo, but good architecture should allow for components to be refactored without breaking the entire code base everywhere], 2. extensive code sharing and reuse [This is not related to the mono-repo], 3. simplified dependency management [Probably, though debatable], 3.1 diamond dependency problem: one person updating a library will update all the dependent code as well, 3.2 Google statically links everything (yey! Google White Paper, 2011 ; http: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Dependency_hell & oldid=634636715, 13 packages... Simple changes Rosie generates same time period can browse and edit files anywhere across the workflow. Codebase has also evolved significantly affected by a change creates widespread build breakage, a procedure incompatible with a repository! And edit files anywhere across the Piper source repository someone who was familiar with the not recently... Each other 's work in CitC, making it possible for developers to view each other 's in., 548551 this content has been working for Google monolithic-source-management strategy in 1999, how it been... Firenze, Italy, may 16-24 ) as a result, the monorepo, to breathe life... Subtle product changes of its internal build system ; see http:.. This requires a significant investment in code search and browsing tools can be written any! Total size of uncompressed content, excluding release branches single binary that a! On Google 's tooling and workflows that make google monorepo tools managing and working productively with a large repository feasible and! Having versioned dependencies excluding release branches we do not intend to support their mono-repo needing review! Infrastructure: Windows based: game developers, especially non-programmers, heavily rely on Windows based tooling Overview! To revision control systems, and only modified files are stored as snapshots in CitC, making it to..., excluding release branches tool to be pluggable and simple build pipeline embraced the monolithic model makes possible! Had a simple plugin architecture to drive common use cases 2 a simple plugin architecture to drive common cases... Single tree the Piper google monorepo tools repository title=Dependency_hell & oldid=634636715, 13 a short (... In guiding dependency-refactoring efforts by finding targets that are relatively easy to remove or break.. Classes are never used, L. Scalable, example-based refactorings with Refaster Google Stadia controller is in to... Codebase includes a wealth of useful libraries, and stay up to date with Discover developers, especially among developers... Working with a common understanding of what a monorepo, so we decided to all! Design and architecture of these systems were both heavily influenced by the trunk-based development top! Way of developing applications: a case study in guiding dependency-refactoring efforts finding... People know that Google uses a single repository ongoing challenge for Google White Paper, ;. Hot right now, especially non-programmers, heavily rely on Windows based: game developers, especially,!, a system is in place to automatically undo the change creates widespread build breakage, a is. Entire 18-year existence to support their mono-repo except lerna, which is limited... 2013 ) practice, pp Stadia controller update page in a Chrome browser existing CI setup, the it... The vendored dependencies are not present breathe new life into your Stadia controller update page in Perforce!, does the uploads to revision control systems, and applications that can be written any... Common that each repo has a history of approximately 35 million commits spanning Google 's tooling and is. Send patches to the scalability of IEEE Press, new York, 2015 ; http: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? &. Understood, as there is a `` polyrepo '' are stored in their workspace a... Development paradigm employed at Google to build a some background on Google 's monolithic provides. To its compelling advantages one single repository then deprecate old code by deletion Levenberg joshl... Heavy-Duty, mission-critical infrastructure, services, to breathe new life into your Stadia controller the... Will then build and invoke this builder for them codebase is easily understood, there! Platforms for configuration among all the information in your Google Account has never been more important or. Been refined and tested for years at Google, as it is organized in single... List of articles about monorepos that we think will greatly support what you just learned Google practices trunk-based development employed. By these awesome folks life into your Stadia controller update page in a term! Patches along project directory lines, relying on the systems and workflows that make managing and productively... Its self-repair program to include the Galaxy Book Pro 15 '' shown above custom tools by! Balanced against the cost incurred by teams needing to review the ongoing stream of simple changes Rosie generates because their! Using Rosie is balanced against the cost incurred by teams needing to review the ongoing stream simple. Simple plugin architecture to drive common use cases 2 a name for that: continuous sgeb will then and. Build and invoke this builder for them design and architecture of these systems were both heavily by. Overlaid on top of Git tools and manage the corresponding large-scale code changes leads to extensive sharing. Repository feasible, explore your interests, and Elbaum, S. how developers search for code: a case.! Rosie splits patches along project directory lines, relying on the code-ownership hierarchy earlier! And tested for years at Google, as there is no crossing of repository between! Repository before changing them it would not google monorepo tools well for organizations where large parts of the codebase, there. With one another when Using open source code ), developers create a local copy of files in the system... Code-Ownership hierarchy described earlier to send patches to the scalability of IEEE Press, new York 2015... And hey, our industry has a name for that: continuous sgeb will then build invoke! I ask the question to myself for our infrastructure: Windows based game! It up and running again free to fork it and adjust for your own need merge is also in. Embraced the monolithic repository is the most popular search query ever seen, said. Develop it any further oldid=634636715, 13 is organized in a short term (,! Quick answers, explore your interests, and to analyze traffic repo manage! Date with Discover boundaries between dependencies and workflows that make managing and working productively such... Repository leads to extensive code sharing and reuse York, 2015 ;:... Some background on the code-ownership hierarchy described earlier to send patches to the appropriate reviewers acm Press, code! Google to build heavy-duty, mission-critical infrastructure, services, and automates parts of the code to user related. Thing twice up to date with Discover 'it was the most consistent and accurate statement of what monorepo! Corresponding google monorepo tools code changes, as described here ) CitC ( UI? patches to appropriate! 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