[140] A statue of Shackleton designed by Charles Sargeant Jagger was unveiled at the Royal Geographical Society's Kensington headquarters in 1932,[141] but public memorials to Shackleton were relatively few. But he is best known for his heroic leadership after his ship, Endurance, became trapped in pack ice at the start of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914-17. [91] On 21 November 1915, the wreck finally slipped beneath the surface. His father, Henry Shackleton, tried to enter the British Army, but his poor health prevented him from doing so. What is Ernest Shackleton best known for? Why is Shackleton famous? In the early hours of the next morning, Shackleton summoned the expedition's physician, Alexander Macklin,[129] to his cabin, complaining of back pains and other discomfort. An Anglo-Irish adventurer, he became a pivotal figure in the era later characterised as the "Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration", thanks to the laudable and ambitious . In 1915, polar explorer Ernest Shackleton's ship became trapped in ice, north of Antarctica. An extended search for an anchorage at King Edward VII Land proved equally fruitless, so Shackleton was forced to break his undertaking to Scott and set sail for McMurdo Sound, a decision which, according to second officer Arthur Harbord, was "dictated by common sense" in view of the difficulties of ice pressure, coal shortage and the lack of any nearer known base. Captain Scott and Captain Shackleton: A 100 Year Old Expedition. Unqualified as a diplomat, he was unsuccessful in persuading Argentina and Chile to enter the war on the Allied side. In his search for rapid pathways to wealth and security, he launched business ventures which failed to prosper, and he died heavily in debt. When explorer Ernest Shackleton and his crew set out for Antarctica on the Endurance in 1914, they had no idea their journey would become one of history's greatest epics of survival. He was a key figure of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. "[22], Discovery departed London on 31 July 1901, arriving at the Antarctic coast, via Cape Town and New Zealand, on 8 January 1902. Despite his assurances to Emily that "we are practically sure of the contract", nothing came of this scheme. [118] In the midst of seeking capital, his plans foundered when Northern Russia fell to Bolshevik control. The party was in high spirits, despite the difficult conditions; Shackleton's ability to communicate with each man kept the party happy and focused.[53]. Ernest Shackleton, in full Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, (born February 15, 1874, Kilkea, County Kildare, Irelanddied January 5, 1922, Grytviken, South Georgia), Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who attempted to reach the South Pole. In the preface to his 1922 book The Worst Journey in the World, Apsley Cherry-Garrard, one of Scott's team on the Terra Nova Expedition, wrote: "For a joint scientific and geographical piece of organisation, give me Scott; for a Winter Journey, Wilson; for a dash to the Pole and nothing else, Amundsen: and if I am in the devil of a hole and want to get out of it, give me Shackleton every time". On 4 February 1903, the party finally reached the ship. In 1905, Shackleton became a shareholder in a speculative company that aimed to make a fortune transporting Russian troops home from the Far East. His health suffered, and he was removed from duty and sent home on the supply ship Morning in March 1903. Unlike the Arctic ice, which is frozen over the Arctic ocean, Antarctica is also a. Although some of his former crew members had not received all their pay from the Endurance expedition, many of them signed on with their former "Boss". Ernest Shackleton was a well-known Irish and British explorer during the first two decades of the twentieth century. At one point, Shackleton gave his one biscuit allotted for the day to the ailing Frank Wild, who wrote in his diary: "All the money that was ever minted would not have bought that biscuit and the remembrance of that sacrifice will never leave me". Why did Ernest shackleton go to antarctica? [166][167] In 2017, the musical play Ernest Shackleton Loves Me by Val Vigoda and Joe DiPietro made its debut in New York City at the Tony Kiser Theater, an off-Broadway venue. [20] Shackleton accepted this, even though his own background and instincts favoured a different, more informal style of leadership. [128] He refused a proper medical examination, so Quest continued south, and on 4 January 1922, arrived at South Georgia. Scott led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 1901-04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910-13. . [47], On 4 August 1907, Shackleton was appointed a Member of the Royal Victorian Order, 4th Class (MVO; the present-day grade of lieutenant). [143] This negative picture of Scott became accepted as the popular truth[144] as the kind of heroism that Scott represented fell victim to the cultural shifts of the late twentieth century. In the period immediately after his return, Shackleton engaged in a strenuous schedule of public appearances, lectures and social engagements. [139], During the ensuing decades Shackleton's status as a polar hero was generally outshone by that of Captain Scott, whose polar party had by 1925 been commemorated on more than 30 monuments in Britain alone, including stained glass windows, statues, busts and memorial tablets. They did whatever they could. Born in Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland, Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family[1] moved to Sydenham in suburban south London when he was ten. Disaster struck this expedition when its ship, Endurance, became trapped in pack ice and was slowly crushed before the shore parties could be landed. Because of a generous gift from the Australian Commonwealth and the New Zealand Government, he was able to engage three additional expedition members: Bertram Armytage, T.W. They wrote: "Shackleton resonates with executives in today's business world. Consequently, Shackleton decided to risk an open-boat journey to the 720-nautical-mile-distant South Georgia whaling stations, where he knew help was available. Event and key to map Time since leaving England Date 8 Shackleton, Worsley, and Crean reach Stromness whaling station 21 months, 12 days May 20th 1916. [37] As the first significant person to return from the Antarctic, he found that he was in demand; in particular, the Admiralty wished to consult him about its further proposals for the rescue of Discovery. A second ship was sent to pick him up when he reached the other side, both with a crew of 28 officers, scientist, and sailors. He took out because he wanted to prove that he can ship in the sea, and he wanted to get famous. [86][87], Endurance departed from South Georgia for the Weddell Sea on 5 December, heading for Vahsel Bay. Unfortunately, it was designed for breaking through sea ice, not for being trapped in ice. During the Nimrod expedition of 19071909, he and three companions established a new record Farthest South latitude at 88S, only 97geographical miles (112statute miles or 180kilometres) from the South Pole, the largest advance to the pole in exploration history. John King Davis was one of the most renowned captains in Antarctic exploration. Sir Ernest Shackleton's towering ambition and eagerness to explore the unknown led him to undertake the boldest adventure of his life, the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. [11] The aim was the conquest of both the geographical South Pole and the South Magnetic Pole. [33] He was in a seriously weakened condition; Wilson's diary entry for 14 January reads: "Shackleton has been anything but up to the mark, and today he is decidedly worse, very short winded and coughing constantly, with more serious symptoms that need not be detailed here but which are of no small consequence one hundred and sixty miles from the ship". Alexander Macklin was one of two surgeons and also in charge of keeping the 70dogs healthy. [83] He ultimately selected a crew of 56, twenty-eight on each ship. Edgeworth David, and Douglas Mawson. On 8 May, thanks to Worsley's navigational skills, the cliffs of South Georgia came into sight, but hurricane-force winds prevented the possibility of landing. [126] On 16 September 1921, Shackleton recorded a farewell address on a sound-on-film system created by Harry Grindell Matthews, who claimed it was the first "talking picture" ever made. The Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1914-1917 . Although the expedition failed, it would be remembered by generations as the greatest feat of survival in the history of exploration. But on January 5, 1922, he died of a heart attack off South Georgia and was buried on the island. One hundred years ago, his ship Endurance became hopelessly trapped in pack ice. This group, despite many hardships, had carried out its depot-laying mission to the full, but three lives had been lost, including that of its commander, Aeneas Mackintosh.[111]. There is a legend that Shackleton posted an advertisement which emphasised the hardship and danger of the voyage, so that he could better narrow down and select candidates for his expedition, but no record of any such advertisement has survived and its existence is considered doubtful. At 47 years old, Shackleton was on his fourth journey to Antarctica, and the third he had led. Shackleton served in the British army during World War I and served as a military advisor in the multinational North Russia Expeditionary Force during the Russian Civil War. A supporting party, the Ross Sea party led by A.E. For the next two years, he kept his crew of 27 men . Shackleton served in the British army during World War I and served as a military advisor in the multinational North Russia Expeditionary Force during the Russian Civil War. Sir Ernest Shackleton had his first taste of polar exploration when he travelled with Robert Falcon Scott to the Antarctic in 1901. Shackleton was a romantic adventurer, who became interested in exploration and joined the Royal Geographical Society while still at sea. They set sail again on New Year's Day, 1908. A revival of the vintageand since lostformula for the particular brands found has been offered for sale with a portion of the proceeds to benefit the New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust which discovered the lost spirits. Abraham Shackleton, an English Quaker, moved to Ireland in 1726 and started a school at Ballitore, County Kildare. When spring arrived in September, the breaking of the ice and its later movements put extreme pressures on the ship's hull. The astonishing challenge - to cross Antarctica from one coast to the other - didn't exactly go to plan and actually resulted in . Where did Ernest Shackleton attend school? In tribute to their achievement, he wrote: "I do not know how they did it, except that they had tothree men of the heroic age of Antarctic exploration with 50feet of rope between themand a carpenter's adze".[108]. Updates? [149] In Boston, a "Shackleton School" was set up on "Outward Bound" principles, with the motto "The Journey is Everything". This answer is: . McIlroy was head of the scientific staff, which included Wordie. [66] All the members of the Nimrod Expedition shore party received silver Polar Medals on 23 November, with Shackleton receiving a clasp to his earlier medal. It's probably fair to say that adventurer Ernest Shackleton's attempt to cross the 2,000-mile Antarctic continent in 1914 was a successful failure. He launched one more expedition to the Antarctic, but the Endurance veterans who rejoined him noticed he appeared. [15] On 17 February 1901, his appointment as third officer to the expedition's ship Discovery was confirmed; on 4 June he was commissioned into the Royal Navy, with the rank of sub-lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve. [130] Leonard Hussey, a veteran of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic expedition, offered to accompany the body back to Britain; while he was in Montevideo en route to England, a message was received from Emily Shackleton asking that her husband be buried in South Georgia. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A little Ernest Shackleton background. It is likely that many debts were not pressed and were written off. [10] He was schooled by a governess until the age of eleven, when he began at Fir Lodge Preparatory School in West Hill, Dulwich, in southeast London. Throughout the ordeal, not one of Shackletons crew of the Endurance died. Launched in August 1914, the expedition became one of the most famous survival stories of all time after . On 9 January 1909, Shackleton and three companionsWild, Eric Marshall and Jameson Adamsreached a new Farthest South latitude of 8823'S, a point only 112 miles (180km) from the Pole. None survived the brutal journey home. [142], In 1959, Alfred Lansing's Endurance: Shackleton's Incredible Voyage was published. The Endurance Expedition was a British mission to cross the Antarctic on foot in 1914-17. [96], After five harrowing days at sea, the exhausted men landed their three lifeboats at Elephant Island, 346 miles (557km) from where the Endurance sank. The march was, Scott wrote later, "a combination of success and failure". The great polar explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton never achieved his goal of traversing the continent of Antarctica, but is remembered these days for something more extraordinary. [48], On 1 January 1908, the Nimrod set off on the British Antarctic Expedition from Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand. Alternate titles: Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton. The founder of the family was Abraham Shackleton, a Quaker, who moved to Ireland early in the eighteenth century and started a school at Ballitore, near Dublin. [70] Among the ventures which he hoped to promote were a tobacco company,[71] a scheme for selling to collectors postage stamps overprinted "King Edward VII Land" based on Shackleton's appointment as Antarctic postmaster by the New Zealand authorities[72] and the development of a Hungarian mining concession he had acquired near the city of Nagybanya, now part of Romania. [76], Shackleton published details of his new expedition, grandly titled the "Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition", early in 1914. The return of the sun after 92 days. Earnest Shackleton first went to. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Henry-Shackleton, Historic UK - Sir Ernest Shackleton and Endurance, Dictionary of Irish Biography - Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, National Library of Scotland - Biography of Ernest Shackleton, Ernest Henry Shackleton - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Ernest Shackleton - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Ernest Shackleton's South Pole expedition, British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. [157] Also in 2013, a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the Teloschistaceae family was published as Shackletonia by botanists Schting, Frdn & Arup. [89] She drifted slowly northward with the ice through the following months. [136] Lady Shackleton survived her husband by 14 years, dying in 1936. [126] When the party arrived in Rio de Janeiro, Shackleton suffered a suspected heart attack. It was named after Shackleton'sfamily motto: "Fortitudine vincimus" (By endurance we conquer). As the ship moved southward navigating in ice, first-year ice was encountered, which slowed progress. [94] By 17 March, their ice camp was within 60 miles (97km) of Paulet Island;[95] however, separated by impassable ice, they were unable to reach it. Shackleton is best known for his extraordinary achievement in leading the men of his Endurance expedition safely out of the Antarctic after their ship had been crushed in the ice. Born on February 15, 1874 - Sir Ernest Shackleton was an Anglo-Irish explorer who led a total of three voyages to Antarctica. [131] Within a year the first biography, The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton, by Hugh Robert Mill, was published. November 1st 1915 - After an attempt to march with boats and sleds, "Ocean Camp" is established a mile and a half from the Endurance. [13], In 1898, Shackleton joined Union-Castle Line, the regular mail and passenger carrier between Southampton and Cape Town. [49], To conserve coal, the ship was towed 1,650 miles (2,655km) by the steamer Koonya to the Antarctic ice, after Shackleton had persuaded the New Zealand government and the Union Steamship Company to share the cost. Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton's century-old whisky has been retrieved. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton is best known as a polar explorer who was associated with four expeditions exploring Antarctica, particularly the Trans-Antarctic (Endurance) Expedition (1914-16) that he led, which, although unsuccessful, became famous as a tale of remarkable perseverance and survival. - Ernest Shackleton So was born what became the Imperial Trans-Antarctica expedition of 1914 - 1917. He. Although he'd been sent home from the trip due to ill health, Shackleton vowed to return to the Antarctic and prove himself as a polar . [123] In 1920, tired of the lecture circuit, Shackleton began to consider the possibility of a last expedition. After the darkness of the Antarctic winter, the return of the sun was a major event in 1915 . Ernest Henry Shackleton British Antarctic Expedition (1907-09) When Ernest Shackleton arrived back in England on 12 June 1903, he found that Scott's 1901-04 expedition, from which had been virtually sacked, was a controversial subject. [155] That same year, on the date of what would have been Shackleton's 137th birthday, Google honoured him with a Google Doodle. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Why did Shackleton go to Antarctica? Ernest H. Shackleton 1874-1922. "[34] There is conjecture that Scott's motive for removing him was resentment of Shackleton's popularity, and that ill-health was used as an excuse to get rid of him. Shackleton abandoned one cherished goal and shouldered . King Edward VII received him on 10 July and raised him to a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order;[62][63] in the King's Birthday Honours list in November, he was made a knight, becoming Sir Ernest Shackleton. February 5, 2010, 10:09 AM. [12], During the following four years at sea, Shackleton learned his trade, visiting the far corners of the earth and forming acquaintances with a variety of people from many walks of life, learning to be at home with all kinds of men. Who were the first people to go to. Of later independent fame was the photographer Frank Hurley, known on this mission for his perilous shots. READ MORE: The Stunning Survival Story of Ernest Shackleton and His Endurance Crew After the ship sank, the crew dragged their lifeboats a few miles and then camped on the ice for four more months . The harrowing tale of British explorer Ernest Shackleton's 1914 attempt to reach the South Pole, one of the greatest adventure stories of the modern age. After returning from his second Antarctic trip, Shackleton was considered a leading expert in polar phenomena. Shackleton chose five companions for the journey: Frank Worsley, Endurance's captain, who would be responsible for navigation; Tom Crean, who had "begged to go"; two strong sailors in John Vincent and Timothy McCarthy, and finally the carpenter McNish. He was, as a shipmate recorded, "a departure from our usual type of young officer", content with his own company though not aloof, "spouting lines from Keats [and] Browning", a mixture of sensitivity and aggression but, withal, sympathetic. In 1915, the Endurance was. Why is Ernest Shackleton famous? With Scott and one other, Shackleton trekked towards. "This is by far the finest wooden shipwreck I have ever seen. [40] He was then offered, and accepted, the secretaryship of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society (RSGS), a post which he took up on 11 January 1904. Longstaff, impressed by Shackleton's keenness, recommended him to Sir Clements Markham, the expedition's overlord, making it clear that he wanted Shackleton accepted. Amundsen vs. Scott. "Chiefly alcohol, Boss", replied Macklin. Sadly, Shackleton died of a heart attack, one month shy of his 48th birthday while moored in South Georgia. ", Study of diaries kept by Eric Marshall, medical officer to the 190709 expedition, suggests that Shackleton suffered from an atrial septal defect ("hole in the heart"), a congenital heart defect, which may have been a cause of his health problems.[134]. Shackleton and his party set fire to the camp to signal the ship, which received the signal and returned to the camp a few days later, successfully retrieving them. In charge of holds, stores and provisions[] He also arranges the entertainments. Ward-room caterer. When did Neil Scott first go to Antarctica? Like many great tales, Shackleton's story is one of failure. [e][74], Any future resumption by Shackleton of the quest for the South Pole depended on the results of Scott's Terra Nova Expedition, which left from Cardiff in July 1910. This book, as well as being a tribute to the explorer, was a practical effort to assist his family; Shackleton died some 40,000 in debt (equivalent to 2,323,748 in 2021[135])[138] A further initiative was the establishment of a Shackleton Memorial Fund, which was used to assist the education of his children and the support of his mother. Yelcho, commanded by Captain Luis Pardo, and the British whaler Southern Sky reached Elephant Island on 30 August 1916, at which point the men had been isolated there for four and a half months, and Shackleton quickly evacuated all 22men. [19], Although Discovery was not a Royal Navy unit, Scott required the crew, officers and scientific staff to submit to the conditions of the Naval Discipline Act, and the ship and expedition were run on Royal Navy lines. Shackleton and his small crew then made the first crossing of the island to seek aid. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton attended Dulwich College from 1887 until 1890. [2][3], Away from his expeditions, Shackleton's life was generally restless and unfulfilled. [148], The Centre for Leadership Studies at the University of Exeter offers a course on Shackleton, who also features in the management education programmes of several American universities. [64][65] He was honoured by the Royal Geographical Society, who awarded him a gold medal; a proposal that the medal be smaller than that earlier awarded to Captain Scott was not acted on. [158] [132][133] Macklin wrote in his diary: "I think this is as 'the Boss' would have had it himself, standing lonely in an island far from civilisation, surrounded by stormy tempestuous seas, & in the vicinity of one of his greatest exploits. Scottish jute magnate Sir James Caird gave 24,000, Midlands industrialist Frank Dudley Docker gave 10,000, and tobacco heiress Janet Stancomb-Wills gave an undisclosed but reportedly "generous" sum. [29] A record Farthest South latitude of 8217' was reached, beating the previous record established in 1900 by Carsten Borchgrevink. Despite his efforts, it required government action, in the form of a grant of 20,000 (2008: 1.5million) to clear the most pressing obligations. Proposing a toast to the explorer at a lunch given in Shackleton's honour by the Royal Societies Club, Lord Halsbury, a former Lord Chancellor, said: "When one remembers what he had gone through, one does not believe in the supposed degeneration of the British race. 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